akụkọ

Polyethyleneimine(PEI, n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi), nke nwere nọmba CAS nke 9002-98-6, bụ polima cationic na-agbaze mmiri. Isi ihe dị na ya bụ na agbụ ígwè molekul ya bara ụba na ọtụtụ amino otu (amines praịmarị, amines nke abụọ, na amines nke atọ). Nhazi a na-ekpebi ike alkalinity ya siri ike, nnukwu mmeghachi omume, na njirimara physicochemical pụrụ iche. Polyethyleneimine nwere uru ngwa a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe n'ọtụtụ ubi.

I. Ozi Ndị Dị Mkpa: Nhazi na Nhazi

1. Nhazi kemịkalụ

Nkeji PEI na-emegharị bụ -CH₂CH₂NH-, otu amino dị na yinye molekul ya na-enyekwa ya ike cationic (pKa≈10) - ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ acidic na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị ike, otu amino nwere ike ịbụ proton (-NH₂→-NH₃⁺), nke bụ isi iyi nke mmiri na-agbaze, ikike mgbagwoju anya na mmịpụta elu ya.

Dịka usoro dị iche iche si dị, a na-ekewa ha n'ime ụdị abụọ:

Linear Polyethyleneimine (L-PEI): Agbụ ígwè molekul ahụ dị larịị, yana amine ndị nke abụọ dị ka otu amino bụ isi (ihe dị ka 90%), oke nke amine ndị mbụ na nke atọ dịkwa obere. Nkesa oke molekul dị warara, ịdị ọcha ya dịkwa elu.

Polyethyleneimine nke nwere alaka (B-PEI): Agbụ molekul nwere ọtụtụ agbụ akụkụ, yana oke nha nha nke amine mbụ (≈25%), amine nke abụọ (≈50%), na amine nke atọ (≈25%), ma nwee mmeghachi omume dị elu. Ọ bụ ụdị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ.

2. Njirimara anụ ahụ dị mkpa

Ii. Isi ihe dị mkpa: Gịnị mere e ji eji PEI eme ihe nke ukwuu?

Ike siri ike nke cationic na ikike mgbagwoju anya: Otu amino mgbe protonation gasịrị nwere chajị dị mma ma nwee ike ịmepụta mgbagwoju anya kwụsiri ike site na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma (dịka DNA, RNA, agba anionic, ụrọ, na ion ígwè), nke bụ isi usoro nke ọrụ ya na nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọgwụgwọ mmiri, na mmịpụta ígwè.

Mmeghachi omume dị elu: Otu amino (karịsịa amine ndị bụ isi) nwere ike isonye na mmeghachi omume dị iche iche (dịka mgbakwunye Michael, mmeghe mgbanaka epoxy, acylation, mmeghachi omume njikọta), a pụkwara iji ha dị ka ihe na-ejikọ njikọ na ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe iji mee ka elu ihe ahụ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma.

Mmiri na-agbaze na ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri: Mmiri na-agbaze nke ọma na-eme ka ọ dị mfe nhazi. Mgbe ọ kpọchara, ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe nkiri dị oke arọ, ihe nkiri ahụ nwekwara ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-ejikọ na ihe mgbochi.

Ike alkaline siri ike: Ọnụọgụ amino dị na molekul ahụ na-eme ka mmiri ya sie ike ma nwee ike ịnweta alkaline siri ike (pH≈10 ruo 12), ọ nwekwara ike ịnweta mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma site na ihe ndị dị na acid.

Iii.Kedu ihe eji polyethylenenimine eme(Nkewa site na Ọnọdụ Ọchịchọ

1. Ngalaba ọgwụ biomedical (Isi: Vektọ nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

PEI bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-ebute mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-abụghị nje ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a:

Ụkpụrụ Cationic PEI na anionic DNA/RNA na-emepụta "mgbagwoju anya PEI-nucleic acid" site na mmekọrịta electrostatic, nke na-echebeghị naanị nucleic acids ka nucleases ghara imebi kamakwa ọ na-enye ha ohere ịbanye na mkpụrụ ndụ site na endocytosis. Ọzọkwa, "mmetụta proton sponge" nke PEI (na-amịkọrọ protons n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ mgbe protonation gasịrị) Mmebi vesicle nwere ike ịkwalite ntọhapụ nke nucleic acids n'ime cytoplasm;

Ngwa: Ọgwụgwọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (dịka nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka etuto na ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa), nnyefe ọgwụ mgbochi nucleic acid, nnwale mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ (ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe na PEI transfection reagent na ụlọ nyocha);

Rịba ama: PEI dị arọ nke nwere molekul dị elu nwere nnukwu nsí. Ugbu a, emepụtala PEI nke nwere obere nsí (dịka PEI nke nwere PEG gbanwere na PEI nanoparticles nke nwere njikọ chiri anya).

2. Ọgba mmiri (Isi: Flocculants, Adsorbents)

Flocculant: Njirimara cationic nkePolyethylenenimine PEInwere ike iwepụ ihe ndị a na-anaghị anabata n'ime mmiri (dịka ájá, ihe ndị dị ndụ, na nje bacteria), na-eme ka ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta ma na-ada. A na-eji ya maka ịsacha mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (dịka ibipụta na ịcha agba, ime mmiri mkpofu akwụkwọ), nke kachasị mma maka ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu nwere oke turbidity na oke ihe ndị dị ndụ.

Ihe na-eme ka ihe na-amịkọrọ ihe pụta ìhè. Otu amino nke Polyethylenimine PEI nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ nhazi na ion ígwè dị arọ (dịka Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Pb²⁺), a pụkwara iji ya wepụ ọla dị arọ na mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Enwere ike ime ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe polyethylenimine gbanwere agbanwe (dịka carbon PEI-activated, PEI-nanofibers) iji mee ka ikike nnabata dịkwuo mma.

3. Ubi nke mgbanwe elu ihe (Isi: Mgbanwe Ọrụ)

Mgbanwe Akwụkwọ/Eriri: Ọgwụgwọ akwụkwọ Polyethylenimine PEI nwere ike ime ka ike mmiri ya dịkwuo elu, iguzogide mmiri na ibipụta ya (site na njikọta na otu hydroxyl dị n'elu eriri ahụ), a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe n'imepụta akwụkwọ pụrụ iche (dịka akwụkwọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa, akwụkwọ nzacha).

Ọgwụgwọ elu ígwè: Polyethylenimine nwere ike ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi nchebe n'elu ígwè ahụ, na-eme ka iguzogide nchara nke ígwè ahụ dịkwuo mma, ọ pụkwara ịbụ ihe nkwado maka njikọta maka mkpuchi ígwè.

Mgbanwe ihe Polymer: A na-eji PEI eme ihe dị ka ihe na-ejikọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka polymers dị mma iji melite ndakọrịta na njikọta nke polymers (dịka mgbanwe njikọta nke polyurethane na resin epoxy), ma ọ bụ iji mee ka hydrophilicity nke ihe ndị dị na ya dịkwuo mma (dịka ihe nkiri polyolefin nke PEI gbanwere).

4. Ngwa ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe

Ihe ndị e ji agwakọta ihe na ihe mkpuchi: Otu amino nke PEI nwere ike ịgafe mmeghachi omume njikọ na aldehydes, isocyanates, wdg, a pụkwara iji ya dị ka ihe na-agwọ ihe ndị e ji agwakọta ihe ndị e ji mmiri mee. A na-eji Polyethylenimine ejikọta osisi, akwụkwọ, na ígwè, yana ike njikọ dị elu na ezigbo iguzogide mmiri.

Ụlọ ọrụ agba na agba: Enwere ike iji Polyethylenimine PEI mee ihe dị ka ihe ndozi maka agba cationic (karịsịa maka ịcha eriri eke dịka owu na silk), na-eme ka nrapado na ịsacha agba dịkwuo mma; Enwere ike iji Polyethylenimine dị ka ihe na-ekesa agba iji gbochie njikọta agba.

Mwepụta mmanụ: A na-eji PEI eme ihe n'ịgwọ mmiri site n'ebe mmanụ (dịka ihe mgbochi mmiri na ihe njikwa profaịlụ), ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe mgbakwunye mmiri iji melite nkwụsi ike nke mmiri site na ịgba mmiri.

Site n'ịgbanwe ịdị arọ molekul (obere ibu molekul, obere nsí; oke ibu molekul, ọrụ dị elu), nhazi (linear vs. branched), na usoro mgbanwe (peG-ylation, cross-linking, na compounding) nkepolyethylenemine, enwere ike ịgbasa ojiji ya n'ọhịa dị elu (dịka nnyefe ọgwụ ezubere iche na ihe pụrụ iche eji arụ ọrụ).