akụkọ

N'ime ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, e nwere ngwaahịa abụọ nwere aha yiri onwe ha, ya bụ glyoxylic acid na glycolic acid. Ndị mmadụ anaghị ahụkarị ikewa ha. Taa, ka anyị leba anya na ngwaahịa abụọ a ọnụ. Glyoxylic acid na glycolic acid bụ ihe abụọ dị ndụ nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na nhazi na ihe onwunwe. Ihe dị iche ha bụ na nhazi molekul, ihe onwunwe kemịkalụ, ihe onwunwe anụ ahụ na ojiji, dịka ndị a:

Ọdịdị na nhazi nke molekul dị iche iche

Nke a bụ ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ, nke na-ekpebi kpọmkwem ihe dị iche na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Asịd Glyoxylic

CAS 298-12-4, ya na usoro kemịkalụ C2H2O3 na usoro nhazi HOOC-CHO, nwere otu ọrụ abụọ - otu carboxyl (-COOH) na otu aldehyde (-CHO), ma bụrụ nke otu aldehyde acid nke ihe mejupụtara ya.

Asịd Glycolic

CAS 79-14-1, ya na usoro kemịkalụ C2H4O3 na usoro nhazi HOOC-CH2OH, nwere otu ọrụ abụọ - otu carboxyl (-COOH) na otu hydroxyl (-OH), ma bụrụ nke α-hydroxy acid nke ogige.

Usoro molekul nke abụọ dị iche site na atọm hydrogen abụọ (H2), ọdịiche dị na otu ọrụ (otu aldehyde vs. otu hydroxyl) bụ isi ihe dị iche.

Njirimara kemịkal dị iche iche

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu ọrụ na-eduga na njirimara kemịkalụ dị iche iche n'etiti ha abụọ:

Àgwà nkeasid glyoxylic(n'ihi ọnụnọ nke otu aldehyde):

O nwere ihe ndị na-ebelata ike dị ukwuu: a na-eme ka otu aldehyde dị mfe ma nwee ike ịnweta mmeghachi omume enyo ọlaọcha site na ngwọta ammonia ọlaọcha, meghachi omume na nkwusioru copper hydroxide ọhụrụ a kwadebere iji mepụta ihe na-acha ọbara ọbara brik (cuprous oxide), a pụkwara ime ka ọ bụrụ oxalic acid site na ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha dị ka potassium permanganate na hydrogen peroxide.

Otu Aldehyde nwere ike ịnweta mmeghachi omume mgbakwunye: dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha nwere ike imeghachi omume na hydrogen iji mepụta glycolic acid (nke a bụ ụdị mmekọrịta mgbanwe n'etiti ha abụọ).

Àgwà nke glycolic acid (n'ihi ọnụnọ nke otu hydroxyl):

Otu Hydroxyl bụ nucleophilic: ha nwere ike ịgafe mmeghachi omume esterification intramolecular ma ọ bụ intermolecular site na otu carboxyl iji mepụta esters cyclic ma ọ bụ polyester (dịka polyglycolic acid, ihe polymer a na-ere ere).

Enwere ike ime ka otu Hydroxyl dị iche iche dị oxidized: agbanyeghị, nsogbu oxidation dị elu karịa nke otu aldehyde dị na glyoxylic acid, a chọkwara oxidant siri ike (dịka potassium dichromate) iji mee ka otu hydroxyl dị iche iche dị oxidize na otu aldehyde ma ọ bụ otu carboxyl.

Asịd nke otu carboxyl: Ha abụọ nwere otu carboxyl ma bụrụ acidic. Agbanyeghị, otu hydroxyl nke glycolic acid nwere mmetụta na-adịghị ike nke na-enye electron na otu carboxyl, acidity ya dịkwa ntakịrị ike karịa nke glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).

Àgwà anụ ahụ dị iche iche

Ọnọdụ na ngwọta:

A na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na mmiri na ihe ndị na-agbaze ihe ndị dị ndụ (dịka ethanol), mana n'ihi ọdịiche dị na polarity molekul, ihe ndị na-agbaze ha dịtụ iche (glyoxylic acid nwere polarity siri ike na obere mgbaze dị elu na mmiri).

Ebe agbaze

Ebe mgbaze nke glyoxylic acid dị ihe dịka 98℃, ebe nke glycolic acid dị ihe dịka 78-79℃. Ihe dị iche sitere na ike intermolecular (otu aldehyde nke glyoxylic acid nwere ike siri ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen na otu carboxyl).

Ngwa dị iche

Asịd Glyoxylic

A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, dịka mmepụta nke vanillin (ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro), allantoin (ihe na-eme ka ọnya dị mma), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (ihe na-eme ka ọgwụ nje dị n'etiti), wdg. Enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na ngwọta electroplating ma ọ bụ na ihe ịchọ mma (iji uru nke ihe ndị na-ebelata ma na-egbochi ya). Ngwaahịa nlekọta ntutu: Dịka ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị mma, ọ na-enyere aka idozi eriri ntutu mebiri emebi ma mee ka ntutu dị mma (a ga-ejikọta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ iji belata iwe).

Asịd Glycolic

Dịka α-hydroxy acid (AHA), isi ihe e ji eme ya bụ ihe e ji elekọta akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dị ọcha (site n'ịgbaze ihe ndị jikọtara ọnụ n'etiti stratum corneum nke akpụkpọ ahụ iji kwalite ịwụpụ akpụkpọ ahụ nwụrụ anwụ), na-emeziwanye nsogbu dị ka akpụkpọ ahụ siri ike na akara ihe otutu. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa ya na ụlọ ọrụ ákwà (dị ka ihe na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dị ọcha), ihe na-ehicha ihe (maka iwepụ nha), na mmepụta nke plastik ndị na-emebi emebi (polyglycolic acid).

Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ sitere na otu ọrụ: glyoxylic acid nwere otu aldehyde (nwere ihe ndị na-ebelata ike, nke a na-eji na njikọ organic), ebe glycolic acid nwere otu hydroxyl (enwere ike ime ka ọ dị ọcha, jiri ya na nlekọta akpụkpọ ahụ na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe). Site na nhazi ruo okike ruo na ojiji, ha niile na-egosi nnukwu ọdịiche n'ihi ọdịiche dị n'etiti isi ihe a.