N'ime ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, enwere ngwaahịa abụọ nwere aha yiri ya, ya bụ glyoxylic acid na glycolic acid. Ndị mmadụ na-enwekarị ike ikewapụ ha iche. Taa, ka anyị leba anya na ngwaahịa abụọ a ọnụ. Glyoxylic acid na glycolic acid bụ ogige organic abụọ nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na nhazi na njirimara. Ihe dị iche ha na-adabere na nhazi nke molecular, chemical properties, Njirimara anụ ahụ na ngwa, dị ka ndị a:
Ọdịdị molekụla na ihe mejupụtara dị iche iche
Nke a bụ ihe kachasị dị iche n'etiti abụọ ahụ, nke na-ekpebi kpọmkwem ọdịiche dị na ihe ndị ọzọ.
CAS 298-12-4, ya na usoro kemịkalụ C2H2O3 na usoro nhazi HOOC-CHO, nwere otu ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ - otu carboxyl (-COOH) na otu aldehyde (-CHO), yana so na klas aldehyde acid nke ogige.
CAS 79-14-1, na usoro kemịkalụ C2H4O3 na usoro nhazi HOOC-CH2OH, nwere otu ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ - otu carboxyl (-COOH) na otu hydroxyl (-OH), yana so na α -hydroxy acid klas nke ogige.
Usoro ihe omimi nke abụọ dị iche site na abụọ hydrogen atom (H2), na ọdịiche dị na otu ọrụ (aldehyde group vs. hydroxyl group) bụ isi ihe dị iche.
Njirimara kemịkalụ dị iche iche
Ọdịiche dị na otu ọrụ na-eduga n'ụdị kemịkalụ dị iche iche n'etiti ha abụọ:
Njirimara nkeGlyoxylic acid(n'ihi ọnụnọ nke otu aldehyde):
Ọ nwere ihe ndị na-ebelata ike: otu aldehyde na-adị mfe oxidized ma nwee ike nweta mmeghachi omume enyo ọlaọcha na ngwọta amonia ọlaọcha, meghachi omume na nkwusioru ọla kọpa hydroxide a kwadebere ọhụrụ iji mepụta brik-red precipitate (cuprous oxide), na nwekwara ike oxidized na oxalic acid site oxidants dị ka potassium permanganate na hydrogen peroxide.
Otu Aldehyde nwere ike nweta mmeghachi omume mgbakwunye: dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha nwere ike meghachi omume na hydrogen iji mepụta glycolic acid (nke a bụ ụdị mgbanwe mgbanwe n'etiti ha abụọ).
Njirimara nke glycolic acid (n'ihi ọnụnọ nke otu hydroxyl):
Otu hydroxyl bụ nucleophilic: ha nwere ike nweta mmeghachi omume esterification intramolecular ma ọ bụ intermolecular na otu carboxyl iji mepụta esters cyclic ma ọ bụ polyesters (dị ka polyglycolic acid, ihe polymer na-emebi emebi).
Otu hydroxyl nwere ike oxidized: Otú ọ dị, ọxịdashọn siri ike dị elu karịa nke aldehyde otu na glyoxylic acid, na a siri ike oxidant (dị ka potassium dichromate) chọrọ oxidize hydroxyl otu na aldehyde otu ma ọ bụ carboxyl otu.
Acidity nke otu carboxyl: Ha abụọ nwere otu carboxyl ma bụrụ acidic. Otú ọ dị, ìgwè hydroxyl nke glycolic acid nwere mmetụta na-adịghị ike electron-enye onyinye na otu carboxyl, na acidity ya dị ntakịrị ike karịa nke glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).
Njirimara anụ ahụ dị iche iche
Steeti na solubility:
Na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na mmiri na polar organic solvents (dị ka ethanol), ma n'ihi ọdịiche dị na molecular polarity, solubility ha dịtụ iche (glyoxylic acid nwere polarity siri ike na ntakịrị elu solubility na mmiri).
Ebe mgbaze
Ebe mgbaze nke glyoxylic acid dị ihe dịka 98 ℃, ebe nke glycolic acid dị ihe dịka 78-79 ℃. Ọdịiche a sitere na ike intermolecular (otu aldehyde nke glyoxylic acid nwere ikike siri ike iji mepụta njikọ hydrogen na otu carboxyl).
Ngwa dị iche iche
Ọ na-bụ-eji na organic njikọ ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka njikọ nke vanillin (flavoring), allantoin (a ọgwụ n'etiti na-akwalite ọnya na-agwọ ọrịa), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (otu ọgwụ nje intermediate), wdg Ọ nwekwara ike-eji dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na electroplating ngwọta ma ọ bụ na ịchọ mma (na-ewere uru nke ya ibelata na antioxidant). Ngwaahịa nlekọta ntutu isi: Dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ, ọ na-enyere aka ịrụzi eriri ntutu mebiri emebi ma na-eme ka ntutu dị mma (chọrọ ijikọta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ iji belata iwe).
Dị ka α-hydroxy acid (AHA), ngwa ya bụ isi na mpaghara ngwaahịa nlekọta anụ ahụ. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ (site n'ịgbasa ihe ndị na-ejikọta n'etiti stratum corneum nke akpụkpọ ahụ iji kwalite ịkwasa akpụkpọ anụ ahụ nwụrụ anwụ), na-eme ka nsogbu dị ka akpụkpọ ahụ siri ike na ihe otutu. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa ya na ụlọ ọrụ textile (dị ka onye na-acha ọcha), ndị na-ehicha ihe (maka iwepụ ọnụ ọgụgụ), na njikọ nke plastik na-emebi emebi (polyglycolic acid).
Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti abụọ ahụ sitere na otu ọrụ: glyoxylic acid nwere otu aldehyde (nwere ihe ndị na-ebelata ike, nke a na-eji na njikọ organic), na glycolic acid nwere otu hydroxyl (enwere ike esterified, na-eji nlekọta anụ ahụ na ubi ihe). Site na nhazi ruo n'okike wee ruo na ngwa, ha niile na-egosipụta nnukwu ọdịiche n'ihi isi ihe a.
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-11-2025